Traductor on line english-castellano.
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8 Abril 2012
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5 Abril 2012
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
| Question Word | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| what | asking for information about something | What is your name? |
| asking for repetition or confirmation | What? I can't hear you. You did what? |
|
| what...for | asking for a reason, asking why | What did you do that for? |
| when | asking about time | When did he leave? |
| where | asking in or at what place or position | Where do they live? |
| which | asking about choice | Which colour do you want? |
| who | asking what or which person or people (subject) | Who opened the door? |
| whom | asking what or which person or people (object) | Whom did you see? |
| whose | asking about ownership | Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it? |
| why | asking for reason, asking what...for | Why do you say that? |
| why don't | making a suggestion | Why don't I help you? |
| how | asking about manner | How does this work? |
| asking about condition or quality | How was your exam? | |
| how + adj/adv | asking about extent or degree | see examples below |
| how far | distance | How far is Pattaya from Bangkok? |
| how long | length (time or space) | How long will it take? |
| how many | quantity (countable) | How many cars are there? |
| how much | quantity (uncountable) | How much money do you have? |
| how old | age | How old are you? |
| how come (informal) | asking for reason, asking why | How come I can't see her? |
5 Abril 2012
| Questions |
| WH - Questions | YES/NO - Questions | TAG Questions | EMBEDDED |
| WH - QUESTIONS | |
| What ? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? | How often ? - ¿Con qué frecuencia? |
| What else? - ¿Qué más? | How long ? - ¿Cuánto tiempo? ¿Qué longitud? |
| Which ? - ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? | How long ago? - ¿Hace cuánto tiempo? |
| How ? - ¿Cómo? ¿Cuán? | How old ? - ¿Qué edad? ¿Cuán viejo? |
| How else ? - ¿De qué otra manera? | How soon ? - ¿Cuán pronto? |
| When ? - ¿Cuándo? | How big ? - ¿Qué tamaño? ¿Cuán grande? |
| Where ? - ¿Dónde? ¿Adónde? | How far ? - ¿A qué distancia? ¿Cuán lejos? |
| Where else ? - ¿Dónde más? | How tall ? - ¿Qué estatura? ¿Cuán alto? |
| Why ? - ¿Por qué? ¿Para qué? | How deep ? - ¿Qué profundidad? |
| Who ? - ¿Quién? ¿Quienes? | How early ? - ¿Cuán temprano? |
| Who else? - ¿Quién más? | How late ? - ¿Cuán tarde? |
| Whom ? - ¿A quién? ¿A quiénes? | How heavy ? - ¿Qué peso? ¿Cuán pesado? |
| Whose ? - ¿De quién? ¿De quiénes? | How thick ? - ¿Qué espesor? ¿Cuán grueso? |
| How much ? - ¿Cuánto/a? | What time ? - ¿Qué hora? ¿A qué hora? |
| How many ? - ¿Cuántos/as? | What kind ? - ¿Qué clase ? ¿Qué tipo? |
30 Marzo 2012
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él preguntó.)
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales.
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether".
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| He's American she said.
"He's American" she said. |
She said he was American.
She said he was American. |
| I'm happy to see you, Mary said.
"I'm happy to see you", Mary said. |
Mary said that she was happy to see me.
Mary said that she was happy to see me. |
| He asked, Are you busy tonight?
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" |
He asked me if I was busy tonight.
He asked me if I was busy tonight. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Dan is living in San Francisco, she said.
"Dan is living in San Francisco," she said. |
She said Dan was living in San Francisco.
She said Dan was living in San Francisco. |
| He said, I'm making dinner.
He said, "I'm making dinner" |
He told me that he was making dinner.
He told me that he was making dinner. |
| Why are you working so hard? They asked.
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked. |
They asked me why I was working so hard.
They asked me why I was working so hard. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect Simple |
| We went to the movies last night, he said.
"We went to the movies last night," he said. |
He told me they had gone to the movies last night.
He told me they had gone to the movies last night. |
| Greg said, I didn't go to work yesterday.
Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." |
Greg said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday.
Greg said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday. |
| Did you buy a new car? she asked.
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked. |
She asked me if I had bought a new car.
She asked me if I had bought a new car. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| I was working late last night, Vicki said.
"I was working late last night," Vicki said. |
Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
Vicki told me she'd been working last night. |
| They said, We weren't waiting long.
They said, "We weren't waiting long." |
They said that they hadn't been waiting long.
They said that they hadn't been waiting long. |
| He asked, Were you sleeping when I called?
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I called?" |
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called.
He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called. |
| Present Perfect Simple | Past Perfect Simple |
| Heather said, I've already eaten.
Heather said, "I've already eaten." |
Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
Heather told me that she'd already eaten. |
| We haven't been to China, they said.
"We haven't been to China," they said. |
They said they hadn't been to China.
They said they hadn't been to China. |
| Have you worked here before? I asked.
"Have you worked here before?" I asked. |
I asked her whether she'd worked there before.
I asked her whether she'd worked there before. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| I've been studying English for two years, he said.
"I've been studying English for two years," he said. |
He said he'd been studying English for two years.
He said he'd been studying English for two years. |
| Steve said, We've been dating for over a year now.
Steve said, "We've been dating for over a year now." |
Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year.
Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year. |
| Have you been waiting long? they asked.
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked. |
They asked whether I'd been waiting long.
They asked whether I'd been waiting long. |
| Past Perfect Simple | Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE) |
| I'd been to Chicago before for work, he said.
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said. |
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE) |
| She said, I'd been dancing for years before the accident.
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the accident." |
She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident.
She said she'd been dancing for years before the accident. |
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o que es en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
"I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick.
"We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next week.
"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| Will | Would |
| I'll go to the movies tomorrow, John said.
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," John said. |
John said he would go to the movies tomorrow.
John said he would go to the movies tomorrow. |
| Will you help me move? she asked.
"Will you help me move?" she asked. |
She asked me if I would help her move.
She asked me if I would help her move. |
| Can | Could |
| Debra said, Allen can work tomorrow.
Debra said, "Allen can work tomorrow." |
Debra said Allen could work tomorrow.
Debra said Allen could work tomorrow. |
| Can you open the window, please? he asked.
"Can you open the window, please?", he asked. |
He asked me if I could open the window.
He asked me if I could open the window. |
| Must | Had to |
| You must wear your seatbelt, mom said.
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said. |
My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt.
My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt. |
| She said, You must work tomorrow.
She said, "You must work tomorrow." |
She said I had to work tomorrow.
She said I had to work tomorrow. |
| Shall | Should |
| Shall we go to the beach today? Tom asked.
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tom asked. |
Tom asked if we should go to the beach today.
Tom asked if we should go to the beach today. |
| What shall we do tonight? she asked.
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked. |
She asked me what we should do tonight.
She asked me what we should do tonight. |
| May | Might/Could |
| Jane said, I may not be in class tomorrow.
Jane said, "I may not be in class tomorrow." |
Jane said she might not be in class tomorrow.
Jane said she might not be in class tomorrow. |
| May I use the bathroom, please?
"May I use the bathroom, please?" the boy asked. |
The boy asked if he could use the bathroom.
The boy asked if he could use the bathroom. |
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia.
En español podemos traducir "say"o "tell" como "decir", pero en inglés se usan estos verbos de maneras distintas. Hay unas reglas que indican el uso de uno sobre el otro en inglés, aunque en general usamos "say" para "decir algo" y "tell" para "decir algo a alguien."
Se usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un objeto personal, necesitamos usar el preposicion "to".
"I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," él dijo.)
"I need your help," Glen said to Mike. ("Necesito tu ayuda," Glen dijo a Mike.)
She said, "Do you like to dance?" (Ella dijo, "¿Te gusta bailar?")
He said he was hungry. (Él dijo que tenía hambre.)
Glen said to Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.)
She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me preguntó si me gustaba bailar.)
También se puede usar "tell" con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso con el estilo directo no es tan común. Cuando usamos "tell" necesitamos usar un objeto indirecto que va detrás del verbo.
He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.")
Glen told Mike, "I need your help." (Glen dijo a Mike, "Necesito to ayuda.")
He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tenía hambre.)
Glen told Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.)
Otros usos de "tell":
Nota: Hay otros significados de "tell" que veremos en la lección sobre los verbos frasales.
30 Marzo 2012
|
La Voz Activa y Pasiva |
|
Podemos enfocar la acción del verbo en el sujeto (voz activa) o en el objeto (voz pasiva). |
| Ejemplos : |
|
Voz Activa : The porter carries the bags. = el portero lleva los bolsos |
|
Voz Pasiva : The bags are carried by the porter. = los bolsos son llevados por el portero |
|
Reglas gramaticales |
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La voz pasiva se forma utilizando el verbo to be + el verbo principal en participio (past participle) |
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Para transformar una oración activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes puntos: |
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| El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva | |||||
| El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto al verbo principal en participio. | |||||
| El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva | |||||
| Si hacemos mención en la oración al sujeto que realiza la acción (sujeto agente), éste irá normalmente introducido por la preposición by. | |||||
|
Tabla de cambios verbales en la transformación de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva |
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Tomando en cuenta los puntos anteriormente mencionados, en este esquema vemos los cambios que sufre el tiempo verbal de una oración activa al ser transformada a oración pasiva. |
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|
Tiempo |
Frase Activa |
Frase pasiva |
|||
| present | I write a letter | The letter is written |
| present continuous | I'm writing a letter | The letter is being written |
| past | I wrote a letter | The letter was written |
| past continuous | I was writing a letter | The letter was being written |
| present perfect | I've written a letter | The letter has been written |
| past perfect | I had written a letter | The letter had been written |
| future | I will write a letter | The letter will be written |
| future II | I'm going to write a letter | The letter is going to be written |
| modals | I have to write a letter | The letter has to be written |
| modals | I should write a letter | The letter should be written |
| modals | I must write a letter | The letter must be written |
30 Marzo 2012
|
CARACTERISTICAS |
|
1. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significación del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: |
|
2. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significación del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: |
|
3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. |
|
4. El complemento de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. |
|
5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: |
|
MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA |
|
PRESENTE PRETERITO PERFECTO |
PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO |
|
PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO: I had been seen, había sido visto |
Active voice and passive voice
(activ vois and pasiv vois)
(voz activa y voz pasiva)
Voz activa = es cuando una persona realiza una acción directamente, o cuando la acción cae directamente sobre tal persona.
Ex:
He visits the park every day.
We sing a song.
Voz pasiva = es cuando una persona recibe la acción o la acción recae indirectamente en la persona.
Para construir la voz pasiva = (to be + acción en pasado. P.)
Example with simple present:
Voz activa) the hunter chases the tiger.
Voz pasiva) the tiger is chased by him.
With present progressive:
Activa) he is chasing the tiger.
Pasiva) the tiger is being chased by him.
With simple past:
A) He chased the tiger.
P) the tiger was chased by him.
With past progressive:
A) He was chasing the tiger.
P) the tiger was being chased by him.
With simple future:
A) He will chase the tiger.
P) the tiger will be chased by him.
With idiomatic future:
A) He is going to chase the tiger.
P) the tiger is going to be chased by him.
With modals or auxiliary verbs:
A) I should study french.
P) french should be studied by me.
A) I must do my duties.
P) duties must be done by me.
With present perfect:
A) He has chased the tiger.
P) the tiger has been chased by him.
With past perfect:
A) He had chased the tiger.
P) the tiger had been chased by him.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"passive voice"
The active voice sentence is given to you, you have to make a passive voice sentence from each one of them:
1) the hunter chases the tiger. ______________________________
2) he is chasing the tiger. __________________________
3) he chased the tiger. _________________________
4) he was chasing the tiger. ________________________
5) He will chase the tiger. ______________________
6) He is going to chase the tiger. _______________________
7) I should study french. _______________________
8) I must do my duties. ______________________
9) He has chased the tiger. _______________________
10) He had chased the tiger. ________________________
30 Marzo 2012
Autor: Alexandra Vraciu
Hay contextos, sobretodo literarios, en los que necesitamos más de un adjetivo para definir un nombre. En ese caso, tenemos que decidir en qué orden introducimos los adjetivos. Las reglas de ordenación de los adjetivos son difíciles de recordar en su totalidad, por eso es importante limitar el nombre de adjetivos descriptivos.
1. De todos los adjetivos descriptivos, e independientemente de cuantos pongamos, los primeros en la enumeración serán los que expresen una valoración del locutor, es decir su opinión sobre la persona, el objeto, el sitio etc. que se describe:
wonderful, awful, excellent, etc.
2. En segunda posición, tenemos los adjetivos que hacen referéncia al tamaño:
small, big, long, short, etc.
3. En tercera posición, están los adjetivos que describen la edad:
new, old, antique, etc.
4. En quarta posición, se encuentran los adjetivos que hacen referencia a la forma del objeto:
narrow, wide, square, round,etc.
5. En quinta posición, tenemos los adjetivos de color:
green, bluish, light blue, etc.
6. En sexta posición, hay los adjetivos que indican el origen:
Japanese, Estonian, etc.
7. En septa posición, tenemos los adjetivos que describen el material del que está hecho el objeto:
plastic, wooden, gold, paper, etc.
8. Por lo último, y en la posición más próxima al nombre, tenemos los adjetivos que indican el tipo o la finalidad del objeto:
industrial (company), picture (frame), washing (machine) etc.
30 Marzo 2012
Usos de adjetivos en inglés - Adjectives Los adjetivos del inglés describen al nombre y suelen ir colocados delante de él, o detrás de los verbos de unión o copulativos; que en inglés se llaman "linking verbs".
John has got an old car John's car is old
Sólo tienen una forma que vale tanto para el singular como para el plural y para describir nombres masculinos, femeninos o neutros.
A continuación se muestra una lista de linking verbs con ejemplo de adjetivos entre paréntesis:
appcar (upset) be (happy) become (suspicious) come (true) fall (ill) feel (tired) get (dark) go (red) grow (old) keep (quiet) look (young) prove (difficult) remain (silent) seem (satisfied) smell (sour) sould (nice) stay (calm) taste 8sweet) turn (blue)
A veces las oreciones contienen más de un adjetivo. En este caso, suelen aparecer en este orden:
Primero los que describen opiniones subjetivas, tales como beautiful, ugly, unkind, clever, etc.
A continuación los que describen las características reales: tamaño, antigüedad, color, procedencia y material, en este orden.
The old black italian leather shoes are in the cupboard
Fíjate en que todos estos adjetivos no van separados por ninguna coma.
The + adjetivo se refiere a todo un grupo de gente que tiene una característica en común. Tiene sentido plural.
We sold candles to collect money for the blind The rich and famous often go to the French Rivera in the summer
The + una nacionalidad indica la gente de dicho país.
The English are very polite people
A veces sustantivamos el adjetivo y lo usamos como un nombre en plural.
the Italians the Russians the Germans
Hay que recordar que en inglés los adjetivos de nacionalidad siempre se escriben con mayúscula.
Para saber el grado de la cualidad descrita por el adjetivo, lo utilizamos en preguntas como How.
How big is your house? How busy are you right now? How deep is the water? How long is a football pitch?
................................................................................................................................................................................................
Presta atención a las distintas maneras en que podrás expresarte con los adjetivos en inglés. Puedes emplearlos refiriéndote al sustantivo o por intermedio del verbo, fíjate en el siguiente ejemplo:
Puedes usar los adjetivos en estas formas, aunque sólo algunos pueden emplearse predicativamente:
También se utilizan cuando atribuyes algo a un objeto o persona, en este caso, el adjetivo precede siempre al sustantivo, presta atención al ejemplo:
Si se presenta el caso donde existe una sucesión de adjetivos referidos a un mismo sustantivo debes tener en cuenta lo siguiente:
a) Si pertenecen a la misma clase, debes colocar seguidamente al adjetivo que se encuentre más relacionado al sustantivo:
b) Considera que los adjetivos posesivos y demostrativos se colocan en primer lugar:
c) Los adjetivos que expresan cantidad se colocan después de los adjetivos demostrativos y posesivos pero antes de los calificativos:
Gramática
Cuando 2 o más adjetivos acompañan a un sustantivo el orden de su colocación es el siguiente:
1.- Adjetivos subjetivos:
Expresan una opinión personal:
2.- Adjetivos objetivos
Definen propiedades objetivas del sustantivo. Estos a su vez siguen el siguiente orden, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad:
a) Tamaño:
big, small, huge, great, medium...
(excepto "little" que iría en el mismo lugar que los que expresan edad)
b) Aspectos generales:
sporty, dirty, quiet, expensive, healthy, strong...
c) Edad:
old, new, adult, young... (también "little")
d) Forma:
round, square, hexagonal, wide, narrow...
e) Personalidad:
shy, ambitious, humble, arrogant...
f) Color:
red, yellow, blue...
g) Material:
plastic, wooden, metallic, woollen...
h) Origen:
Russian, Spanish, European...
beautiful, ugly, nice, lovely, friendly, elegant, useful...

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